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Satellite tornado
Smaller tornado that orbits around a larger "parent" tornado

A satellite tornado is a tornado that revolves around a larger, primary tornado and interacts with the same mesocyclone. Satellite tornadoes occur apart from the primary tornado and are not considered subvortices; the primary tornado and satellite tornadoes are considered to be separate tornadoes. The cause of satellite tornadoes is not known. Such tornadoes are more often anticyclonic than are typical tornadoes and these pairs may be referred to as tornado couplets. Satellite tornadoes commonly occur in association with very powerful, large, and destructive tornadoes, indicative also of the strength and severity of the parent supercell thunderstorm.

Satellite tornadoes are relatively uncommon. When a satellite tornado does occur, there is often more than one orbiting satellite spawned during the life cycle of the tornado or with successive primary tornadoes spawned by the parent supercell (a process known as cyclic tornadogenesis and leading to a tornado family). On tornado outbreak days, if satellite tornadoes occur with one supercell, there is an elevated probability of their occurrence with other supercells.

Satellite tornadoes tend to orbit their parent cyclonically, counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere, and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere, and will generally form near the edge of a supercell's mesocyclone, and gradually travel inward to the parent tornado. Satellite tornadoes may merge into their companion tornado although the appearance of this occurring is often an illusion caused when an orbiting tornado revolves around the backside of a primary tornado obscuring view of the satellite. During the March 1990 Central United States tornado outbreak, one member of a tornado family (rated F5) constricted and became a satellite tornado of the next tornado of the family before merging into the new primary tornado which soon also intensified to F5.

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Examples

Some examples of tornado couplets include the Tri-State Tornado,6 multiple tornadoes during the 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak,7 the 2007 Greensburg tornado,8 and the 2013 El Reno tornado.9 Satellite tornadoes are more likely to be recognized in recent decades than in the far past as eyewitness accounts as well as damage survey information are often available for later events. The advent of storm chasing, in particular, boosts the likelihood that satellite tornadoes are noticed visually and/or on mobile radar.10 These tornadoes may remain over open country and thus cause less structural damage and consequently are less widely known. Such examples include near Beloit, Kansas on 15 May 1990 and during Project VORTEX near Allison, Texas on 8 June 1995, among other events.11

List of confirmed satellite tornadoes

This article contains dynamic lists that may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

DatePrimary F#/EF#Primary locationSatellite F#/EF#Satellite locationFatalities12Event
May 30, 1879F413SW of Randolph, Kansas to Irving, Kansas to Dawson's Mill, Nebraska1415F?NW of Randolph, Kansas1618 (60 injuries)
March 13, 1954F3Howard, Georgia to Roberta, Georgia to Macon, Georgia17F1Turner Chapel, Georgia to Fickling, Georgia185 (75 injuries)Tornadoes of 1954#March 13
May 16, 1961F1S of Mount Dora, New Mexico to NW of Clayton, New Mexico19F0Mount Dora, New Mexico200Tornado outbreak sequence of May 14–June 1, 1962 (List)
June 13, 1976F5SW of Luther, Iowa to Jordan, Iowa to SW of Gilbert, Iowa212223F2S to N of Jordan, Iowa24250 (9 injuries)Tornadoes of 1976#June 13
F3NE of Jordan, Iowa2627
F4Lemont, Illinois to S of Downers Grove, Illinois28F1SW of Lemont, Illinois292 (23 injuries)
F0S of Lemont, Illinois30
March 13, 1990F5Castleton, Kansas to Hesston, Kansas31F5Goessel, Kansas to NE of Hillsboro, Kansas322March 1990 Central United States tornado outbreak
March 1, 1997F2S of College Station, ArkansasF2S of College Station, Arkansas0March 1997 tornado outbreak
May 3, 1999F5SSW of Amber, Oklahoma to Moore, Oklahoma to W of Midwest City, Oklahoma3334F0N of Newcastle, Oklahoma3536 (583 injuries)1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado
April 20, 2004F2N of Utica, Illinois to Ottawa, Illinois36F0E of Utica, Illinois0Tornado outbreak of April 20, 2004
May 4, 2007EF5Greensburg, Kansas3738
EF0E of Greensburg, Kansas3911 (63 injuries)2007 Greensburg tornado
EF0Near Greensburg, Kansas40
EF0Near Greensburg, Kansas41
EF1Near Greensburg, Kansas42
EF1Near Greensburg, Kansas43
EF0NE of Greensburg, Kansas44
EF0N of Greensburg, Kansas45
EF0E of Greensburg, Kansas46
EF1E of Greensburg, Kansas47
EF0E of Greensburg, Kansas48
May 23, 2008EF2N of Laird, Kansas49EF2SE of Arnold, Kansas500Tornado outbreak sequence of May 22–31, 2008
May 10, 2010EF3SW of Wakita, Oklahoma to E of Hunnewell, Kansas51EF0NW of Medford, Oklahoma520 (2 injuries)Tornado outbreak of May 10–13, 2010
June 17, 2010EF4E of Conger, Minnesota to W of Albert Lea, MinnesotaEF1Armstrong, Minnesota1 (14 injuries)2010 Conger–Albert Lea tornado
April 9, 2011EF3W of Nemaha, Iowa to N of Ware, Iowa535455EF2SE of Newell, Iowa56570Tornado outbreak of April 9–11, 2011
EF4W of Pocahontas, Iowa58
EF1NE of Varina, Iowa59
EF1NE of Varina, Iowa60
EF2WSW of Pocahontas, Iowa61
May 24, 2011EF5ESE of Hinton to Piedmont to NE of Guthrie, Oklahoma62EF0NW of Richland, Oklahoma639 (181 injuries)2011 El Reno–Piedmont tornado
November 7, 2011EF4SSW of Tipton, Oklahoma64EF0S of Tipton, Oklahoma650Tornadoes of 2011#November 7–8
May 28, 2013EF3S of Centralia, Kansas66EF1W of Corning, Kansas670Tornado outbreak of May 26–31, 2013
May 31, 2013EF3WSW of El Reno, Oklahoma to W of Yukon, Oklahoma68EF2SE of El Reno, Oklahoma698 (151 injured)2013 El Reno tornado
April 9, 2015EF4NNE of Franklin Grove, Illinois to NNW of Kirkland, Illinois70EF0S of Belvidere, Illinois712 (11 injuries)2015 Rochelle–Fairdale tornado
April 27, 2016EF0ESE of Bedford, Iowa to S of Conway, Iowa72EF0S of Conway, Iowa730List of United States tornadoes from April to May 2016
May 9, 2016EF1ENE of Wapanucka, Oklahoma to N of Atoka, Oklahoma74EFUENE of Wapanucka, Oklahoma750List of United States tornadoes from April to May 2016
May 9, 2016EFUNW of Sawyer, Oklahoma to S of Spencerville, Oklahoma76EFUN of Sawyer, Oklahoma770List of United States tornadoes from April to May 2016
June 22, 2016EF1WNW of West Brooklyn, Illinois to NW of Compton, IllinoisEF0NE of West Brooklyn, Illinois0List of United States tornadoes from June to August 2016
June 6, 2018EF3N of Laramie, Wyoming78EF2N of Laramie, Wyoming790Tornadoes of 2018#June 6–8
July 19, 2018EF3Eastern Pella, Iowa8081EF0NE of Pella, Iowa820 (13 injuries)from June to July 2018
November 25, 2018F2Gulf of Taranto to Patù, Italy to Corsano, Italy to eastern Tricase, Italy83FUGulf of Taranto840Tornadoes of 2018#November 25 (Italy)
April 30, 2019EF2NW of Talala, Oklahoma85EFUW of Talala, Oklahoma860List of United States tornadoes in April 2019
September 10, 2019EF2N of Fort Laramie, Wyoming to NE of Lingle, Wyoming87EFUN of Fort Laramie, Wyoming to NE of Lingle, Wyoming880List of United States tornadoes from September to October 2019
March 13, 2021EF2SW of Happy, Texas to ESE of Canyon, Texas89EF1N of Happy, Texas900March 2021 North American blizzard
April 27, 2021EFUN of Haswell, Colorado91EFUNNE of Haswell, Colorado920List of United States tornadoes from April to June 2021
May 19, 2021EF0NW of Medford, Minnesota93EF0NW of Medford, Minnesota940List of United States tornadoes from April to June 2021
July 13, 2021EF2NE of Beachburg, Ontario to L'Île-du-Grand-Calumet, Quebec95EF1Sullivan Island, Ontario to Butternut Island, Ontario960
September 29, 2021F1Kiel, Germany (Meimersdorf District)97FUKieler Förde, Germany980 (7 injured)Tornadoes of 2021#September 29 (Germany)
October 12, 2021EF1Clinton, Oklahoma to SSE of Custer City, Oklahoma99EFUNE of Clinton, Oklahoma1000
December 11, 2021EF3SW of Bowling Green, Kentucky to S of Plum Springs, Kentucky to NNW of Rocky Hill, Kentucky101EF2Southeastern Bowling Green, Kentucky to SE of Plum Springs, Kentucky10216 (63 injuries)Tornado outbreak of December 10–11, 2021
March 5, 2022EF3E of Derby, Iowa to E of Chariton, Iowa103EF0S of Chariton, Iowa1041 (1 injured)Tornado outbreak of March 5–7, 2022
April 5, 2022EF2NNE of Bladon Springs, Alabama to W of McEntyre, Alabama105EF1NNE Coffeeville, Alabama1060Tornado outbreak of April 4–7, 2022
May 4, 2022EF2W of Maud, Oklahoma to E of Little, Oklahoma107108EF0NE of Seminole, Oklahoma to ESE of Little, Oklahoma1090Tornadoes of 2022#May 4–6 (Central and Eastern United States)
December 14, 2022EF2New Iberia, Louisiana110EFUSSW New Iberia, Louisiana1110 (16 injuries)Tornado outbreak of December 12–15, 2022
June 28, 2023EF0SW of Kimball112EFUSW of Kimball1130
April 30, 2024EF1NE of Hollister, Oklahoma114EF1SW of Loveland, Oklahoma1150Tornadoes of 2024#April 30 – May 4 (United States)
May 25, 2024EF3NE of Celina, Texas116EF1NNW of Celina, Texas to W of Weston, Texas1170Tornado outbreak sequence of May 19–27, 2024

See also

  • Tornadoes portal

Notes

References

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  3. Edwards, Roger. "CHARACTERISTICS OF SUPERCELLULAR SATELLITE TORNADOES" (PDF). Retrieved 11 October 2024. https://www.spc.noaa.gov/publications/edwards/slssat-t.pdf ↩

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  6. Johns, Robert H.; D. W. Burgess; C. A. Doswell III; M. S. Gilmore; J. A. Hart; S. F. Piltz (2013). "The 1925 Tri-State Tornado Damage Path and Associated Storm System". e-Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology. 8 (2): 1–33. doi:10.55599/ejssm.v8i2.47. /wiki/Robert_H._Johns ↩

  7. Edwards, Roger (2002). "Central Oklahoma Tornado Intercept: 3 May 1999". StormEyes. Retrieved 2014-03-22. /wiki/Roger_Edwards_(meteorologist) ↩

  8. Lemon, Leslie R.; M. Umschied (2008-10-27). "The Greensburg, KS Tornadic Storm: A Storm of Extremes". 24th Conf Severe Local Storms. Savannah, GA: American Meteorological Society. /wiki/Leslie_R._Lemon ↩

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  10. Wurman, Joshua; K. Kosiba (2013). "Finescale Radar Observations of Tornado and Mesocyclone Structures". Weather Forecast. 28 (5): 1157–74. Bibcode:2013WtFor..28.1157W. doi:10.1175/WAF-D-12-00127.1. /wiki/Joshua_Wurman ↩

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  12. This includes any fatalities from the parent and satellite tornadoes ↩

  13. This tornado's rating is unofficial. ↩

  14. Grazulis, Thomas P. (1993). Significant tornadoes, 1680-1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events. St. Johnsbury, Vermont: Environmental Films. ISBN 1-879362-03-1. 1-879362-03-1 ↩

  15. This track was probably a tornado family. /wiki/Tornado_family ↩

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